Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Microwave and Conventional Heated Almond Shells Using Phosphoric Acid Activation

Activated carbon production from almond shells using phosphoric acid activation agent was achieved by applying both conventional heating and microwave heating in succession. The morphology and surface properties of activated carbon were studied using thermogravimetric and differential gravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. A surface area of 1128 m²/g was achieved by optimizing the microwave power (500?W), microwave application time (15?minutes), conventional heating time (45?minutes), conventional heating temperature (500?°C), and the phosphoric acid:sample ratio (0.7:1). An adsorption capacity of methylene blue of 148?mg/g and an iodine value of 791?mg/g was obtained for the prepared activated carbon.     

Nanomagnetically modified vitamin B3 (Fe3O4@Niacin): An efficient and reusable green biocatalyst for microwave‐assisted rapid synthesis of 2‐amino‐3‐cyanopyridines in aqueous medium

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles of modified vitamin B₃ (Fe₃O₄@Niacin) represent a new, efficient and green biocatalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of 2‐amino‐3‐cyanopyridine derivatives via four‐component condensation reaction between aldehydes, ketones, malononitrile, and ammonium acetate under microwave irradiation in water. This new magnetic organocatalyst was easily isolated from the reaction mixture by magnetic decantation using an external magnet and reused at least six times without significant degradation in the activity. The catalyst was fully characterized by FT‐IR, XRD, SEM, VSM, UV–Vis, DLS and EDS. Excellent yield, very short reaction time (7–10 min), operational simplicity, easy work‐up procedure, avoidance of hazardous or toxic catalysts and organic solvents are the main advantages of this green methodology which makes it more economic than the other conventional methods.     

h-BN型超晶格等离子体光子晶体能带特性研究

六方氮化硼(h-BN)晶格结构是一种类六方对称复式超晶格结构。具有h-BN晶格构型的光子晶体以其宽光子带隙特点受到国内外学者的广泛关注。本文利用不同尺度低压气体放电管与Al₂O₃介质棒周期性排列，构建了新型h-BN型超晶格等离子体光子晶体，实现其空间结构和等离子体参数的动态调控。利用微波透射谱对比研究了h-BN型超晶格与简单三角晶格等离子体光子晶体禁带位置、宽度和数目。分析了放电电流、介质棒阵列数对不同频段光子带隙的影响，以及电磁波入射角度对电磁传输特性的影响。结果表明：等离子体的引入不仅能够形成新的光子带隙，而且可以选择性地使部分禁带位置发生移动；相对于简单三角晶格，h-BN型超晶格等离子体光子晶体呈现出更多光子带隙；Al₂O₃介质棒阵列数对等离子体光子晶体禁带位置、宽度和数目均具有重要影响。电磁波入射角度变化越大，电磁传输特性差别越显著，透射谱相关性越差。本文所设计的新型h-BN型超晶格等离子体光子晶体为制作可调谐光子晶体提供了新的思路，在微波和太赫兹波控制领域具有潜在应用价值。     

MICROWAVE ASSISTED OXIDATION OF BENZALDEHYDES UNDER SOLVENT-FREE CONDITION USING OXONE®/WET-ALUMINA

The solventless oxidation of benzaldehydes to carboxylic acids using oxone/wet-alumina under microwave irradiations is described.     

Fly‐Ash‐Supported Synthesis of 2‐Mercaptobenzothiazole Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation

Microwave‐assisted, solvent‐free alkylation and acylation of 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole has been attempted using silica gel, alumina, and a new solid support, fly ash. Fly ash, a waste generated at thermal power stations, could be used as solid support just as efficiently as commercial supports. The additional features of methodology include a much faster reaction, easy workup, higher yields, higher purity of the products, and an ecofriendly approach.     

Regioselective Iodination of Activated Arenes Using Phenyl Trimethylammonium Dichloroiodate in Ionic Liquid Under Microwave Irradiation

Abstract

The regioselective iodination of activated arenes has been achieved in the presence of phenyltrimethylammonium dichloroiodate and ionic liquid. The reaction has been carried out by both conventional heating as well as by microwave irradiation.     

Preparation of Functionalized Imidazolium Salts under Microwave Irradiation

A direct alkylation of a substituted imidazole to prepare the corresponding functionalized ionic liquid has been developed in excellent yields under microwave irradiation.     

A Convenient Procedure for N-Amination of 4-OXO-1,4-Dihydroquinolines

A high yielding N-amination of quinolones at low temperature via the use of O-mesitylenesulfonylhydroxylamine is reported.